Preparation, mechanical property and cytocompatibility of poly(L-lactic acid)/calcium silicate nanocomposites with controllable distribution of calcium silicate nanowires.

How to accurately control the microstructure of bioactive inorganic/organic nanocomposites still remains a significant challenge, which is of great importance in influencing their mechanical strength and biological properties. In this study, using a combined method of electrospinning and hot press processing, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) nanowire/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanocomposites with controllable microstructures and tailored mechanical properties were successfully prepared as potential bone graft substitutes. The electrospun hybrid nanofibers with various degrees of alignment were stacked together in a predetermined manner and hot pressed into hierarchically structured nanocomposites. The relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-prepared nanocomposites were systematically evaluated. The results showed that CSH nanowires in a PLLA matrix were able to be controlled from completely randomly oriented to uniaxially aligned, and then hierarchically organized with different interlayer angles, leading to corresponding nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties and varied anisotropies. It was also found that the bending strength of nanocomposites with 5 wt.% CSH nanowires (130 MPa) was significantly higher than that of pure PLLA (86 MPa) and other composites. The addition of CSH nanowires greatly enhanced the hydrophilicity and apatite-forming ability of PLLA films, as well as the attachment and proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells. The study suggested that a combination of electrospinning and hot pressing is a viable means to control the microstructure and mechanical properties, and improve the mineralization ability and cellular responses, of CSH/PLLA nanocomposites for potential bone repair applications.